Total Infocom: July 2010

Friday, July 16, 2010

How to hide text data inside picture file

step 1. open command prompt
.
2. Type cd\ press enter

3. in which image is this you will have to bring in your specified path like
if you are writting command in c:\
then bring image file here (In C Drive).

4. Type Notepad Dunya.jpg:Hidden.txt

5. write your secret note and save it and close.

6. For open it Type in your command prompt

c:\Notepad Dunya.jpg:Hidden.txt

Here c:\ is your location where you have kept this file
Dunya.jpg is your image
and Hidden.txt is for hidden the data inside the image

Hide mp3 file inside picture (jpeg) file

hide video(mpeg) inside image(jpeg)

Free Online Linux Tutorials for Beginners

Apptya

Welcome to our FREE online Linux tutorials for beginners! You will find many Linux help tutorials here and the beginner Linux tutorial will constantly be updated. There is always new Linux software being developed and added into this awesome opensource Unix-based operating system that will need tutorials and guides written for beginners.

Even though beginner Linux tutorials will be geared towards Linux beginners, we will also have plenty of help here as well for those advanced Linux users. I myself have been using Linux since around 1996 maybe? I do consider myself a Linux guru or advanced user, but even I need to look up Linux tutorials, Linux how-tos, or maybe even Linux hardware compatibility. There is constantly new hardware coming out everyday and most computer hardware manufacturers don’t make drivers for Linux. What do you do? Jump on your favorite search engine and look for what modules to load or maybe what configuration file needs edited. Which with some of the new Linux software in today’s world, most hardware is auto-detected.

Hope you enjoy your stay at beginner Linux tutorials and that you find the Linux tutorials very helpful even if you are an advanced Linux user. Which by the way if you are an advanced Linux user and want to help contribute some tutorials for Linux beginners please let me know! I would appreciate it very much to get some more writers to help get more users away from the evil Microsoft products by making it easier for the Linux beginners to understand and operate the Linux operating system.

Linux chown Command Change Owner

The Linux chown command is used to change the owner and group of a file or directory. If you have a directory and you are not the owner and would like to be the owner of that directory, you can use the Linux chown command to change the owner to your username.

Some of you may get a lot of permission denied errors while trying to open files or folders, this may be caused by improper ownership or owner permissions. If it is a ownership problem,
chown will fix your problem. If it is a permission problem, then you will want to look into chmod.

The usage of chown is chown [OPTIONS] [OWNER]:[GROUP] [FILE]. There are many options for chown, but I only use 2 of them on a regular basis. I use chown -R | --recursive and also chown --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP. Basically chown -R is used on directories and all files in that directory. chown --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP is used if you want to only change files that are currently owned by CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP.

For some examples of the Linux chown command. Say I have a desktop computer with Linux on it, and my username on the desktop computer is BrandonStimmel, and I buy a new laptop and install Linux on it, and this time I made my username Brandon. I also want to get rid of my desktop because it is slow and uses a lot of electricity. So I want to copy all of my files and folders from the desktop’s /home/BrandonStimmel to the laptop’s /home/Brandon. I simply use rsync, cp, or scp to copy the files and folders from the desktop computer to the laptop computer. Trouble is, I can only read files, I can’t write to them. I keep getting permission denied errors, and you don’t have permission to write to the file $FILE. So I login to the laptop as my user, then su to root, since root has permissions to read and write to the files/folders. Then I run chown -R --from=BrandonStimmel:users Brandon:users /home/Brandon/* Some may ask why I used chown --from= in this example. Well I have a ton of files in my home folder from my desktop and I may have some files that were meant to be owned by root, or some other user as backups. I didn’t want to change all of them to my new username unless I owned them before.

If you use the same example but don’t care who previously owned the files/folders, you can run chown -R Brandon:users /home/Brandon/* and you will change all files/folders in /home/Brandon to be owned by the username Brandon and the group users.

I hope this Linux tutorial on the Linux chown command has helped you fix your permission issues. If you have any questions please feel free to contact Beginner Linux Tutorial by leaving a comment or sending an email. Have a great day and remember to read more Linux tutorials! Knowledge is power, especially with Linux!

Linux more and less Commands

The Linux commands more and less are similar to cat, but with more and less you can scroll the file instead of showing the enter file at once. So if you have larger files you want to view that are longer than your screen or terminal then you can use more or less commands instead of cat.

I would suggest using less more often than more as the Linux less command can load files to the screen faster. If you do more somefile.txt the entire file must be read before it will start displaying on your screen. If you use less somefile.txt the contents of somefile.txt will be displayed as they are read from the file, so you don’t have to wait until the entire contents are read before you can see it!

Another reason I would suggest using the Linux command less more than the Linux command more is because with less command you can scroll up in the file as well as down, where with the Linux command more you can only scroll down the file. If you pass something with more you have to quit, run the more command again, and hope you don’t pass what you were looking for again.

The syntax for more is like most Linux commands: more [OPTIONS] [filename]. The sytax for less is the same: less [OPTIONS] [FILENAME].

The only options I use normally with less is less -N [FILENAME] which will print line numbers before each line. The only options I use on more is more +[number] [FILENAME] which will start you on line [number].

Now for some examples of more.

If I wanted to view file phone-numbers.txt to write them down on paper, or enter into my cellphone, I could run more phone-numbers.txt and hit enter to scroll down after I have already entered the information on my cellphone or wrote them down on paper.

If I was working on a php/mysql website and I click on Login which takes me to login.php and I get something like: PHP parse error : syntax error, unexpected T-STRING on line 130 in file /home/user/www/login.php I can then run more +130 /home/user/www/login.php which will start me on line 130 where the error is so I can look for what is wrong and then fix it.

Now for some examples of less.

If I was working on a php/mysql website and I was writing a foreach() loop on my php script and needed a little help from someone that has a copy of my script, I could do less -N some-script.php and tell him or her what lines I was having problems with.

Well that’s it for the Linux more and less commands. As always I hope this Linux tutorial on the Linux less and more commands has helped you understand more and less a bit more! Thank you for reading my Linux tutorials on Beginner Linux Tutorial, I hope you have a great day! Any questions of problems with more or less can be asked below in the comment section.

Linux grep Command

The Linux grep command is used to extract lines of data from files or extract data from other Linux commands by using a pipe. When using the Linux grep command, there are many ways you can extract or print lines. You can use standard text to grep or you can use regex patterns. When using regex patterns you can use basic regular expression (BRE),
extended regular expression (ERE), or even a Perl regular expression!
There are many different grep options you can use in the grepsyntax. I myself only use a few options with grep on a regular basis. The basic grep syntax is grep [options] [pattern] [file|files].
grep quick reference guide:
You can use grep -R, grep -r, grep --recursive, which will allow you to have grep parse files recursivley into other directories.
If you are working with code, or just want the output lines to be numbered you can use grep -n or grep --line-number.
Another option I use on a daily basis with grep is grep -i or grep --ignore-case, which will ignore case on both the input file, and the pattern. by default grep is case sensitive, so you have to use this option if you do not want it case sensitive.
If you are wanting to extract multiple patterns from your file, you can use grep -e which can be used multiple times to extract multiple patterns from your file. So if you are wanting to grep two different strings from one file in Linux, you could do grep -e firstpattern -e secondpattern /home/$USER/file.txt.
Here are some grep examples of using the Linux grep command:
If I had a plain text file called phone-book.txt, that had phone numbers listed in this order: First Name Last Name - Street Address - Phone Number
Now I want to get Brandon Stimmel’s phone number. I could rungrep Brandon\ Stimmel phone-book.txt and grep would print Brandon Stimmel - 100101 Digital Ave. Tech, Ohio 44333 (330) 222-7222. Notice I used Brandon\ Stimmel, I did this because you can not use a space on the command line, or it will be parsed as the next section of the command, which grep Brandon Stimmel phone-book.txtwithout the \ would try to extract Brandon from the file Stimmel, which doesn’t exist. So remember to escape your spaces with a \ if you are using them in your pattern/search string.
For another example, if I want to bring up who owns the phone number (330) 222-7222 as it showed up on my caller ID, but I forgot who’s phone number it was, I can do grep $330$\ 222-7222 phone-book.txt which would again display: Brandon Stimmel - 100101 Digital Ave. Tech, Ohio 44333 (330) 222-7222.
You can also grep for just the last name, say if you are having a family reunion and you want to bring up all of the people with the last name of Stimmel. grep Stimmel phone-book.txt this will bring up every person in phone-book.txt that has the last name of Stimmel.
You can also pipe data to grep or pipe data from grep to use it in a bash script. Say if you are wanting to do the above example that you found a phone number and forgot who’s it was, but you don’t want to show the entire line with name, address, and number, you just want the name and only the name. grep $330$\ 222-7222 phone-book.txt|awk '{print $1" "$2}' which will outputBrandon Stimmel. The grep part of this code will output the full string, then we pass that data onto awk which we used it to print only the first and second fields

Linux cat Command

Linux cat Command
In this Linux tutorial you will learn how to use the Linux cat command. The Linux cat command is the Unix command to list a file’s contents onto your screen, or pass via pipeline to use with other Linux commands. The cat command comes from the word concatenate.

The usage of the Linux cat command is cat
[options] [file].

There are quite a few options you can use with the Linux cat command, but I rarely use any of them on a regular basis. The only option I use with the cat command on a regular basis is cat -n or cat --number.

For an example of using the cat command, we’ll say I have a file named Linux-Friends.txt and in this text file I have some friend’s names, phone numbers, and e-mail addresses that run Linux. So now I want to get someone’s phone number from this list. I can run cat Linux-Friends.txt in a Linux terminal and I will get the contents of this file listed on my screen.

Now if I wanted to see how many friends I have listed in this file, I can have cat number the lines for me by using the cat -n option. So if I run cat -n Linux-Friends.txt the cat command will then output each of the Linux friend’s that I have listed and place a number in front of each one so I can see how many friends I have. Using cat -n [file] is also useful when doing some programming or coding, so you can see what line number you need to edit.

You can also pipe off of the Linux cat command to use it with other Linux commands. So for this example of the Linux cat command I want to only grab a certain person’s name from the list to display their contact information. So I can run cat Linux-Friends.txt|grep Brandon and now I will only get Brandon’s contact information.

Another example of using the Linux cat command with other Linux commands via pipe is if I only want Brandon’s email address to display and not his phone number. The Linux-Friends.txt file is in this format: last name, first name – phone number – email address so I can use the Linux cat command with grep and also awk to display only what I want. So I can run cat Linux-Friends.txt|grep Brandon|awk '{print $4" "$5}' and now I have Brandon’s phone number.

For an explaination of the command above I will show each output as each command is ran.
cat Linux-Friends.txt
–friend 1,2,3–
Stimmel, Brandon – (330) 222-7222 – news@beginnerlinuxtutorial.com
–friend 5,6,7–
Now we add |grep Brandon
Stimmel, Brandon – (330) 222-7222 – news@beginnerlinuxtutorial.com
and you see the other friends are now gone. Now we can add |awk '{print $4" "$5}' which will display the 4th and 5th column, and the – in that file counts as a column as well. The 4th column is (330) and the 5th column is 222-7222. So my output now would be: (330) 222-7222

How to Delete in Linux Terminal rm Command

Many Linux users get confused when they are in a Linux terminal and trying to delete files of folders. So in this Linux tutorial, I will cover how to delete files in Linux terminal! The Linux delete command is another basic command that is used everyday while in a Linux terminal. There are only 2 options that I use on a regular basis with the Linux rm
command.

The usage of the Linux rm command is rm [options] [file|dir]. The 2 options I use most is rm -r [dir] and rm -f [file]. Now to explain these options for the Linux delete command and also give you some examples on how to remove a file with Linux.

The rm -f [file] option is if you are wanting to force a file to be removed. This will not ask you “are you sure you want to remove [file]“. It will just delete the file regardless. So use this option for the Linux rm command only if you know you want all of the file(s) deleted.

Now the rm -r [dir] option is if you are wanting to delete a directory in Linux. The rm -r option is to specify to remove recursively, meaning a directory and it’s contents.

You can use these 2 options for the Linux delete command together as well. You could use the command rm -rf [dir] to delete a directory forcefully and recursively. DO NOT be fooled into running rm -rf /, rm -rf /* as this will remove all of your files and folders. Some people may come off as they are trying to help you with Linux and be a dick and tell you to run rm -rf /* which you can then say bye bye to your files and folders.

You can also use rm in a script type command after a pipe | so you can delete filenames of the output. You can also use rm to remove files that are produced from another command or script. Here is an example of how to remove a file found after grep in Linux. Say if you have a folder /home/max/images/family and in this directory you have 20 images that have the word copy in the title because you accidentally highlighted these 20 files, went to drag them into another folder in a GUI, and let go too early and created copies. So now you want to remove these copies, you would first cd to that directory cd /home/max/images/family now you can run rm -f `ls | grep copy` which will remove all the files that ls | grep copy matches. This same process could be done easier by running rm -f *copy* instead, but these are just examples.

I hope reading this Linux tutorial on the Linux rm command has taught you more than you already know and that you can continue reading through this Beginner Linux Tutorial website and learn even more about the Linux operating system! Have a great day and remember DO NOT run rm -rf /* or any variation of it. I will write a section on Beginner Linux Tutorial explaining more of the commands that can harm your system to watch out for when people are trying to help you with Linux so that you will not be a victim of this. If you are unsure if a command will harm your system, you can always do a quick reference check by searching the net for that command, or even looking at the man pages for that command to see what it is that command/options will do. You can read your manpages by typing man [command] like man rm will bring up the manual for the Linux rm command.

How to Move Files in Linux mv Command

If you are wanting to know how to move files in Linux, you will need to use the Linux mv command. There are a few different options you can use with the Linux mv command, but I normally don’t use them. I do use the Linux mv command along with other commands to accomplish some tasks though. If you wanted to get information on the other
options for the Linux mv command, remember you can always run man mv in a bash shell prompt.
The usage of the Linux mv command to move files around on your file system is much like the Linux cp command, but the source will no longer exist. To use the mv command in Linux shell, just run mv [source] [destination].
So for example I am making a new account on another Linux computer. I want to move my home directory to the new Linux computer. So first I setup nfs and mount my new Linux computer’s/home directory on my old Linux computer. Now I will run mv /home/max /mnt/home/ so all of my files move to my new Linux computer. This is just an example as I would most likely use rsyncLinux command to do this. Which I will go over in another Linux tutorial.
I have also seen a few Linux beginners having trouble moving files in Linux that have special characters in them. So to move files with special characters in Linux you will simple escape the characters that hold special meanings, like a space, (, or ). So for example I have a file named DSC06540 (New LCD TV).JPG this is an ugly filename but to move this file from my compact flash drive on my camera to my/home/max/images/electronics directory, I would simple escape all the special characters with a \ like this mv /media/CF/DSC06540\ $New\ LCD\ TV$.JPG /home/max/images/electronics/
Another command I use quite often with the mv shell command isfind. I can have find search for files on my computer and move the files to a new location. To do this there are 2 methods you can use, one method of using Linux find to move files is a small script, for example if I want to move all my php files to /home/max/htdocs/I would run this: for i in `find *php`; do mv $i /home/max/htdocs; done.
Method 2 that uses Linux find command to move files in Linux is using the -exec option of find to execute mv. This command was brought to my attention a few days ago by another Linux user, and it is much faster than my method. Using the same example to move my php files, but using this method, you will run: find *php -exec mv {} /home/max/htdocs \; which is a lot less to type!
You can also change your find options any way you prefer to search your hard drive for the files you are looking for. Which I will go over in another Linux tutorial.
As you can see it isn’t hard at all to move files and folders in Linux shell prompt at all. As always I hope this Linux tutorial for beginners has helped you learn more about the Linux mv command. I hope you come back and find more help on Beginner Linux Tutorial.

cp Linux Copy Command

The Linux copy command is cp! Pretty simple right? There are many ways to use the Linux cp command. There are also many options for the cp command, but I usually only use 2 of them daily. The other options for Unix cp command I hardly use because there are other commands or programs in Linux that do a much better job for accomplishing the same tasks.
So for the other options for the Linux copy command, I will not cover them in this tutorial. If there is some specific cp command usage or syntax you want to know, please let me know and I will add it to this Linux tutorial.

The 2 options for the Linux cp command that I will cover is how to copy file recursively and also how to copy files in Linux only if the source file is newer than the destination file.

First the syntax for using the Linux cp command is cp [options] [source] [destination], where [source] or [destination] may be a file or a directory.

The main option for the Linux cp command that I use is coping a directory recursively. To do this you would use cp -R [source] [destination], cp -r [source] [destination], or cp --recursive [source] [destination]. I usually am lazy and just use the shortest easiest keystroke, cp -r [source] [destination].

Coping a directory recursively means copying the entire folder, including it’s contents. For example if I was wanting to copy the directory /home/max/images/family/ and all of the directories and files inside of it to /media/backup_drive/, I would run cp -r /home/max/images/family /media/backup_drive/

Now if I was not wanting to copy the entire directory and just wanted only the *.jpg files, I would not need the -r option. I would simply run cp /home/max/images/family/*.jpg /media/backup_drive/family/jpeg_files/ which * is a wildcard, so anything.jpg will be copied. Yes, that is a bad example as that is a very ugly directory structure, but again it is about 4:30am and I should really be sleeping!

There are much better ways to backup your data in Linux than using the cp command, that is the only example I could come up with at the moment. In another Linux tutorial I will cover how to backup your files in Linux using a lot more efficient methods.

The next option that I use from time to time on the Unix cp command is cp -u [source] [destination] or cp --update [source] [destination] which will only copy files if the source files are newer than the destination files, or if the destination files do not exist.

For an example of the Linux cp -u command I am wanting to copy files from my website and back them up, but I only want to copy the files that are newer, to save CPU usage and drive writes, no use in overwriting files that are the same or older right? So I will run cp -u /home/max/htdocs/* /media/backup_drive/htdocs/

If you are wanting to copy hidden files and folders in Linux using the cp command, the first thing people will think of is cp -r .* /media/backup_drive/max/hidden_config_files/ but this will actually match ./ and ../ as well, which will copy all files in the current working directory, and also copy all the files from the parent directory. So to copy only hidden files in Linux, you would want to run cp -r .[a-z,A-Z,0-9]* /media/backup_drive/max/hidden_config_files/ this way it will only match files that start with a . and the next character is a-z, A-Z, or 0-9 and everything after that being a wildcard.

Change Directory using cd Linux Command

In this Linux tutorial for beginners, you will learn how to change directories in Linux using the cd command. The Linux cd command is very easy to use. There are a couple options you can use with the cd command, but I won’t cover them as I hardly ever use them. I will show you how to use some common variables with the Linux cd command though.

When using the Linux cd command to change directory, the syntax of the Unix cd command is cd [directory]. Pretty easy to remember right? So if you are wanting to change your current working directory to your home directory, you can run cd /home/max as max is my username. With the cd command if you do not specify any directory it will automatically change directory to your home, so just running cd in the Linux shell will take you to your home directory as well. Another way to get to your home directory in Linux is using the home variable $HOME. So if you type cd $HOME you will be taken to your user’s home directory as well.

You can also use the $HOME variable as part of a path. Say if you wanted to change directory to /home/max/images/family you could run cd $HOME/images/family which will take you to /home/max/images/family but of course your $HOME not mine!

Some other common uses of the Linux cd command is to change directory to the parent directory. To do this you could use cd ../ which will change directory to the parent directory of the active directory you are already in. You can also use ../ as part of your path, so say my current working directory is /home/max/images/family and I want to change directory to /home/max/images/friends you have 2 options. You can run the cd command with the full path: cd /home/max/images/friends or your other option is to use the ../ parent directory as part of your path like this: cd ../friends/ since I was already in /home/max/images/family the parent directory is /home/max/images/

One more common thing I see some people asking is how to change to a directory with a space in the shell. When you are in the command line interface a space is a special character so you will have to escape it using a backslash \ I usually try not to make any filenames or directory names with any special characters in them, but if you do have a directory named say Linux Stuff you would use cd Linux\ Stuff to change directories.

You can also use the cd shell command to change directory as part of a script. For example if I was wanting to make a script that would change directory to /usr/local/games/quake3 and then run ./quake3 since the quake3 game needs your shell to be in /usr/local/games/quake3 as the working directory for the game to run properly, you could run cd /usr/local/games/quake3 && ./quake3 which you can save to a file in /usr/bin/quake3 so when you run quake3 the shell script will cd /usr/local/games/quake3 and if that runs with no errors the shell script will then also run ./quake3

At the moment I am pretty tired, so the quake3 game was the only thing I could think of off the top of my head that you would want to script the Linux cd command.

Linux File Info Command

The Linux file command is a pretty basic command in Linux that will output the file type information onto your screen. There are quite a few options for the Linux file info command, but I only use maybe 2 of the options on a regular basis. With Microsoft Windows it will always think that the extension of he file determines the file type. If you have a file named filename.txt Windows will automatically think this file type is a text file, when it could actually be a pdf file with a bad extension on it! Now Linux on the other hand, if you come across a file that has a bad extension on it, you can run file filename.txt and it will output: filename.txt: PDF document, version 1.4 or whatever version of the pdf format it actually is.

The main options of the file command that I use is file -f [filename], where [filename] would be a standard text file with a list of files you want to have checked. If using this option you will want [filename] to have 1 filename per line.

The other option I use often isn’t really an option on the file command, but is a short script. You can run file `ls` and it will output the file types of all of the files that the ls command outputs normally, which will be all of the files listed in your current working directory.

I hope this Linux tutorial for beginners has helped you learn more about the Linux file type information command.

List Files and Folders with Linux ls Command

The Linux ls command is used to list files and folders in a directory. There are tons of options to use on the ls command. I will not cover every single option that you can use with the linux ls command. I will cover the most common options for the ls command. If you don’t find what you are looking for in this Linux tutorial then I would recommend running man ls and reading the
man pages for the ls command.

The usage for the Linux ls command is: ls [options] [file|directory]

You can use the ls command without any options or as many options as you like.

If you just run ls with no options it will output the list of files in the current working directory in alphabetical order. So if you are in $HOME (which is the system variable for your home directory ( /home/username ). This will also not output any .* files or directories ( files or directories that start with . as they are hidden files|directories ).

Now if you want to list all files and folders in a directory you can use ls -a or --all option. This option will output all files and folders including the files and folders that match .* ( your hidden files and folders ). You can also use ls -A or ls --almost-all which will output all files|directories except for ./ and ../ ( which ./ is current working directory, ../ is your parent directory ).

Another common option for ls is using ls -b or ls --escape which will escape any special characters like spaces. This is more useful if you can not figure out which characters need escaped or if you are writing a script that needs the characters escaped.

ls -l will output the files and directories in long list format. Which means ls -l will output your file and directory permissions, hardlinks or entries, user, group, size (in bytes), month, date, time, filename|directory name.

ls -h will display the output sizes in human readable form, the highest available measurement. ( 1K 1M 1G.. etc ). This option has to be used with an option that outputs size as well. So either ls -s or ls -l but you would combine the options, ls -lh or ls -sh will work.

You can combine a number of options for ls to get the results you want, ls -lha will display the output of all files and directories in long list format with the sizes being human readable aka the highest measurement available.

You can also pass the output onto other commands using a pipe | so that you can alter the results more to specific needs. For example if you want to just see the sizes of files, and not filename or directory names: ls -sh | awk '{print $1}' will do this for you. If you wanted to display just the permissions of the files and directories, you could use ls -l | awk '{print $1}' which will give you those results. If you want more information on scripting like this I will be covering this in another section.

mkdir How to Create a Directory in Linux

For those of you wanting to know how to create a directory in Linux using the command line interface or Linux shell, you will want to read this Linux beginner tutorial on how to use the Linux mkdir command. The Linux command mkdir is used to make directories in Linux. There aren’t many options I use with this Linux command either. There is only 1 option I use
with the mkdir command on a regular basis.

The usage for mkdir is very simple mkdir [options] [directory].

Just remember when running mkdir that you are creating directories from the current working directory, unless you specify another path. So if I am in /home/max/ and I want to make a directory called images I would run mkdir images which will create the directory images in /home/max/ so now my complete path for images is /home/max/images/. Now if I was in /home/max/files/ and still wanted to create /home/max/images/ I could run mkdir ../images which ../ is your parent directory. I could also type in the full path on the command line by running mkdir /home/max/images to get the same results.

The option I use on a regular basis for the mkdir command is mkdir -p which will allow you to create parent directories if they don’t already exist. For example if /home/max/images/ didn’t already exist and I wanted to make a directory /home/max/images/family I could either make each directory individually by running mkdir /home/max/images then run mkdir /home/max/images/family. I could also script this slightly all in one command line, yet 2 separate commands by running mkdir /home/max/images && /home/max/images/family. So either way still having to type out many commands. Now instead of typing all the extras, i could simply run 1 mkdir command to create the parent directories as well using the mkdir -p option. Which I would then run mkdir -p /home/max/images/family and this will create /home/max/images and also /home/max/images/family as well!

I’ve also seen a lot of people asking how to make directories a through z with Linux? Well my first thought was to try mkdir [a-z], but unfortunately this will just create a directory named [a-z]. So in Linux to make directories a through z you have to make a small script type command. Here is the command you can run to create directories a through z, if you are wanting to organize mp3s for example: perl -e 'for (a..z) {system("mkdir $_")};'

SHELL NOTE: For anyone wondering in the example command line where I used mkdir /home/max/images && /home/max/images/family what the && does, the && on a command line separates shell commands and only runs the next shell command if the first Linux shell command ran successfully without any errors. So if for some reason mkdir /home/max/images failed, the shell would not run the next shell command mkdir /home/max/images/family.

As always thank you for reading this information on the Linux mkdir command for creating new folders and directories in Linux via the command line interface. If you have any friends you would like to teach how to run Linux, send them here to the beginner linux tutorial, where we will hopefully turn them into advanced Linux users or at least Linux users so they can get rid of that evil Microsoft product they call an operating system!

Linux Basic Commands Tutorial

There are many common Linux commands that will be helpful to you, if you ever even use the command line interface in Linux. Most average users just use the graphical user interface instead which usually has many tools and front-ends to Linux common commands. This Linux tutorial on command commands will help even the average user in case X server crashe
s, fails, is not properly configured, etc. So continue reading for some of the more common Linux bash commands.

Some of the more common Linux shell commands are listed below for more information on each command you can always run man [command] and this will bring up the manpage for that command, you can also click on the commands listed for some common examples and syntax.

First before I list them any syntax in [] will need some kind of input from you normally, for example:

man [command] you will want to actually replace [command] with the shell command you want to read the man page for: man ls will give you the man page for the Linux shell command ls.

linux ls command – is used to list files on the filesystem.
file – command that will check the filetype, this will output to you what the file type is no matter what the extension is.
mkdir command – used to make directories on the filesystem.
cd – is used for changing into a different directory in the Linux shell
cp – is the Linux copy command, this shell command is used to copy files|directories from one location on the filesystem to another.
mv – the Linux terminal command to move files|directories. Like the cp command, but deletes the original source.
rm – shell command in Linux to remove files|directories.
Linux cat command- this command is used to print|view the contents of a file to the screen|terminal.
grep – command used to search|find contents of a file and print|view on your terminal|screen.
Linux more and less – commands that will allow you to read output of files, unlike cat that will output the entire file at once, even if it is too large for your terminal more and less will output only as many lines as the shell you are in can output, and allow you to scroll through the file contents.
chown – Linux command to change ownership of a file|directory.
Linux chmod – command that allows you to change mode of user access|permissions, basically set read, write, and execute permissions.
Linux ps – lists the current running processes on your Linux system
Linux kill and killall commands – used to kill|terminate running processes

declaring and initializing variables in c#

class VariableDeclarations
{
public static void Main()
{
// Type Identifier Initializer (maximum value)
bool aBool = true;
byte aByte = 255;

decimal aDecimal = 0.99m;
double aDouble = 1.7 * 10308;
char aChar = '\uFFFF';
float aFloat = 3.4f * 1038f;
int aInt = 2147483647;
long aLong = 9223372036854775807;
object aObject = new Object();
sbyte aSbyte = 127;
uint aUint = 4294967295;
short aShort = 32767;
string aString = "Sample";
ushort aUshort = 65535;
ulong aUlong = 18446744073709551615;
}
}

Simple SEO technique tips but effective

With the increasingly high demand for information, search engines are the most widely used tool for seeking information. And for the owners of blogs or websites, search engines are the most preferred interface. Online business could get thousands or even millions of requests from visitors who targeted. Because most visitors coming through search engines is to potential visitors, so many transactions that occur.

Many blog or site owners are often impatient with the conduct prohibited steps order to position your site or blog can be number one. Believe me, sooner or later these measures will not get caught and you get a good position, but your blog will be deleted and will never exist in the search engines.

In fact, without doing the forbidden SEO step (blackhat seo) our blog can get a good position on search engines. Perform simple SEO steps and improve the quality of the content of your blog. From my experience, following a simple SEO tips but effective to blog or site can get a good position on search engines. And here are SEO simple steps that we can do for blog or website are in the best position in search engines, particularly Google, Bing and Yahoo.

1. Make sure you know the keywords you want to target
Remember, visitors type in keywords on search engines and search engine display pages that match those keywords. Without the right keywords, it is impossible to a site or a blog can get a good position. You can use free tools to search for keywords that match your goals. Understand the correct keywords then you will be successful in internet business.

2. Use your domain name and a file that points to the keyword
Until whenever, it will be important in seo techniques. Make sure you use the domain name and file name that leads to the keywords you are targeting.

3. Put SEO friendly the keyword in the title
Inevitably, that keyword in the title tag is very important after the domain name and file. Insert a keyword in the title and even better in the first 80 characters.

4. Make the description meta tag
Although many say the description meta tag is not important, but with my experienced was different. My blog which contains the description meta tag always get a good position than which there is no meta description tag.

5. Expand the inbound link
Look at wikipedia, there are many inbound links (internal links). This seems simple, but very important in seo techniques. Many seo experts who say that inbound links more important than that obtained from the outside links, although a high pagerank.

6. Get a quality link
If you are looking for links from other blogs, use the appropriate link with the keywords that you target.

Maybe there are many ways to make your blog or site get a good position on search engines. However, as I said that I only give you simple SEO technique tips but effective. Later I'll discuss more about other SEO techniques or the continuation of this SEO article. I hope, a simple SEO technique tips but effective but effective that I present is useful for you. If there is any question about SEO techniques tips please ask in the comment form.

C Sharp data type list with description.

C# allows you to define two types of variables: value types and reference types. The value types hold actual values, while reference types hold references to values stored somewhere in memory.

Also value types are allocated on the stack and are available in most programming languages. Reference types are allocated on the heap and typically represent class instances.

Predefined C# value types
sbyte: Holds 8-bit signed integers. The s in sbyte stands for signed, meaning that the variable's value can be either positive or negative. The smallest possible value for ansbyte variable is -128; the largest possible value is 127.
byte: Holds 8-bit unsigned integers. Unlike sbyte variables, byte variables are not signed and can only hold positive numbers. The smallest possible value for a byte variable is 0; the largest possible value is 255.
short: Holds 16-bit signed integers. The smallest possible value for a short variable is -32,768; the largest possible value is 32,767.
ushort: Holds 16-bit unsigned integers. The u in ushort stands for unsigned. The smallest possible value of an ushort variable is 0; the largest possible value is 65,535.
int: Holds 32-bit signed integers. The smallest possible value of an int variable is -2,147,483,648; the largest possible value is 2,147,483,647.
uint: Holds 32-bit unsigned integers. The u in uint stands for unsigned. The smallest possible value of a uint variable is 0; the largest possible value is 4,294,967,295.
long: Holds 64-bit signed integers. The smallest possible value of a long variable is 9,223,372,036,854,775,808; the largest possible value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807.
ulong: Holds 64-bit unsigned integers. The u in ulong stands for unsigned. The smallest possible value of a ulong variable is 0; the largest possible value is 18,446,744,073,709,551,615.
char: Holds 16-bit Unicode characters. The smallest possible value of a char variable is the Unicode character whose value is 0; the largest possible value is the Unicode character whose value is 65,535.
float: Holds a 32-bit signed floating-point value. The smallest possible value of a float type is approximately 1.5 times 10 to the 45th power; the largest possible value is approximately 3.4 times 10 to the 38th power.
double: Holds a 64-bit signed floating-point value. The smallest possible value of a double is approximately 5 times 10 to the 324th; the largest possible value is approximately 1.7 times 10 to the 308th.
decimal: Holds a 128-bit signed floating-point value. Variables of type decimal are good for financial calculations. The smallest possible value of a decimal type is approximately 1 times 10 to the 28th power; the largest possible value is approximately 7.9 times 10 to the 28th power.
bool: Holds one of two possible values, true or false. The use of the bool type is one of the areas in which C# breaks from its C and C++ heritage. In C and C++, the integer value 0 was synonymous with false, and any nonzero value was synonymous with true. In C#, however, the types are not synonymous. You cannot convert an integer variable into an equivalent bool value. If you want to work with a variable that needs to represent a true or false condition, use a bool variable and not an int variable.

Predefined C# reference types

string: Represents a string of Unicode characters. It allows easy manipulation and assignment of strings. Strings are immutable, meaning that once it is created it can't be modified. So when you try to modify a string, such as concatenating it with another string, a new string object is actually created to hold the new resulting string.
object: Represents a general purpose type. In C#, all predefined and user-defined types inherit from the object type or System.Object class.

Compound data types
The concept of a class as a compound data type with fields, methods, and events is similar in Java and C#. (Class inheritance is discussed separately in the topic entitled Inheritance and Derived Classes (C# vs Java).) C# introduces the concept of a struct as a stack-allocated compound data type that does not support inheritance. In most other respects, structs are very similar to classes. Structs provide a lightweight way of grouping together related fields and methods for use in tight loops and other scenarios where performance is critical.
C# enables you to create a destructor method that is called before instances of a class are garbage-collected. In Java, afinalize method can be used to contain code that cleans up resources before the object is garbage-collected. In C#, this function is performed by the class destructor. The destructor resembles a constructor with no arguments and a preceding tilde character (~).
Built-In Data Types
C# provides all the data types that are available in Java, and adds support for unsigned numerals and a new 128-bit high-precision floating-point type.
For each primitive data type in Java, the core class library provides a wrapper class that represents it as a Java object. For example, the Int32 class wraps the int data type, and the Double class wraps the double data type.
On the other hand, all primitive data types in C# are objects in the System namespace. For each data type, a short name, or alias, is provided. For instance, int is the short name for System.Int32 and double is the short form ofSystem.Double.

Constants
Both Java and C# provide the ability to declare a variable whose value is specified at compile time and cannot be changed at runtime. Java uses the final field modifier to declare such a variable, while C# uses the const keyword. In addition to const, C# provides the readonly keyword to declare variables that can be assigned a value once at runtime--either in the declaration statement or else in the constructor. After initialization, the value of a readonly variable cannot change. One scenario in which readonly variables are useful is when modules that have been compiled separately need to share data such as a version number. If module A is updated and recompiled with a new version number, module B can be initialized with that new constant value without having to be recompiled.

Strings
String types in both Java and C# exhibit similar behavior with slight differences. Both string types are immutable, meaning that the values of the strings cannot be changed once the strings have been created. In both instances, methods that appear to modify the actual content of a string actually create a new string to return, leaving the original string unchanged. The process of comparing string values is different in C# and Java. To compare string values in Java, developers need to call the equals method on a string type as the == operator compares reference types by default. In C#, developers can use the == or != operators to compare string values directly. Even though a string is a reference type in C#, the == and != operator will, by default, compare the string values rather then references.
Just like in Java, C# developers should not use the string type for concatenating strings to avoid the overhead of creating new string classes every time the string is concatenated. Instead, developers can use the StringBuilder class, which is functionally equivalent to the Java StringBuffer class.

enum

An enum is a value type with a set of related named constants often referred to as an enumerator list. They allow code to look a lot cleaner and easier to read by getting rid of "magic numbers", that is to say, they get rid of numbers which have a purpose within a module of code, but make the code harder to read. If a single number needs a definition to make it easier to read then use a constant as shown below.

An enum is declared as follows

Simple tips for a new blog indexed in search engines in one week

Many people who perform a variety of ways to make their new blog indexed in search engines like Google, Yahoo and Bing. They perform a variety of ways such as buying backlinks from blogs that have high page rank, submit to various directories, social bookmarking and so forth.

I've done it that way, there is a successful, but many have failed. In fact, my new blog entry is quite difficult search engines index it, despite already having done that way. After I check, it was just entered and indexed in Google after one week, at Yahoo and Bing for a month. Because I like to try, then I created another new blog. My blog content with six original articles. That articles not write in one or two days, but I write for three days.

It turned out after one week I checked on Google, Yahoo and Bing, my blog that contains six articles are already in the index. Then I typed with my targeted keywords on Google search engine, and the result is the main keyword got on the second page of one million pages. Then I check on Google Webmaster Tools, and the results were encouraging. Because some visitors clicked on the targeted keywords.

Well, from my story above, I'll give the secret to our blog or site indexed and getting good position on search engines within a short time:

1. Make at least six of the original article. I've made hundreds of articles that I get from various sources, and the results were disappointing. Because, the blog that contains articles from others will be difficulties in the index because the search engines appreciate the patent.

2. Make your internal links between pages and do not have external links. With my experience, the internal links more important than backlinks from the outside even though high page rank. Search engines prefer internal links to new blog.

3. Update routine, when the crawler search engines find your blog, it will be seen how often the blog are updated. Appropriate my experience, the blog updated regularly, would often be visited by search engines, although for the new blog.

4. Do not ever seek or give backlink. Although the backlink is very important, but if the blog is still new, this will be considered spam by search engines. You can build backlinks when the blog is already one month or more.

I am sure, you have own experience of SEO techniques. My experience is still learning SEO, may not be relevant anymore, but it does not matter. If you had an interesting experience to make the blog indexed within a short time, please share in the comment form.

Learn simple SEO techniques for best search engine results

The main thing that should be prioritized for online business is SEO optimization. SEO or search engine optimization is a technique used to create a web page you can appear on the front page search engine especially Google, Yahoo and Bing. Because with the SEO techniques, then the visitors came more appropriate target than the visitors who
come from other sources.

Actually, there is no special secret about SEO techniques. If you already know the basic things needed in the techniques of SEO, it will be easy to develop. Here I present important information about the most basic SEO techniques to produce a web site are in a good position on search engines.

Basic SEO Techniques
With good SEO techniques, then more targeted visitors. Currently, various types of searches has been provided by search engines such as keyword search, image search, local search, video search, and others. However, the type of text search (keyword search) still occupies the highest position. Because the source of traffic from search engines, obey the rules of each search engine providers, especially Google, Yahoo and Bing.

Incoming link
Believe me, if a site then there is no link, search engines will be very difficult to find. Link is divided into two, links in and links out. In a good seo techniques, incoming links more than out links. Get a variety of incoming links with natural proccess.

Keywords
Keyword is the basic and important thing in seo techniques. Remember, visitors come to search engines because they typed keywords. properly identify the keywords that you target competition and comparison. Good keywords are keywords that are sought after but little competition.

Regularly update
Do update your website regularly. If you are new to the web site, try to update at least once a week. This is important because search engines really like the web is dynamic and always updated.

Traffic from search engines
After you apply the SEO techniques, then the traffic from search engines will be obtained. With increasing age of a site and SEO techniques continue to be developed, then your website will occupy a good position on search engines. Generally, the time needed in order to stabilize the site is 6 months.

So the tips and tricks to learn SEO techniques simple but very effective. I Hope, the simple learn SEO tips that I present can be useful for you. If you have questions about learning SEO basic tips and tricks, please send via the comment form.

Easy SEO tips to get quality dofollow backlinks

Backlink is one of the SEO techniques are still important in the search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Bing, All The Web and other search engines. In general, the backlink is divided into two types, nofollow and dofollow. Dofollow backlinks are considered better than the nofollow. By getting a lot of backlinks, the blog or website would be considered important by search
engines. Many people do everything they can to get a dofollow backlink, for example by buying backlinks even though a good price.

There are actually a fairly easy way to get backlinks, however, I will discuss one way of getting good quality backlinks and dofollow that I got from the SEO forum. Please see the tips to get dofollow backlinks:

1. Determine the three keywords you want to drill in order to have better positions on search engines. Do not make more than three keywords in each article, because this will be considered spam by search engines and free blog service providers. Make different keywords, for example: if you target the keywords about "health beauty tips", create a keyword: health tips, beauty tips or diet health tips.

2. Sign up in 10 free blogs like Blogger, WordPress, Blogsome, Hubpages, LiveJournal, Yahoo360, Squidoo and other free blogs. The more blogs that you join is better.

3. Make five unique articles which comprise at least 250 words and each article contains a backlink to the blog you want to optimize with keywords that you target. Make a minimum of five articles, because search engines will index blogs that contain at least 5 articles.

4. Once finished creating a free blog that contains five articles, search and get the blog RSS Feeds address

5. Submit all addresses your free blog RSS Feeds to the RSS Feed Directory like millionrss, feedagg, badrss.com, feedage and others free RSS Feed Directory. Please submit minimum to 20 RSS Feed Directory, the more the better. Please type "free RSS Feed Directory" on Google or Yahoo search engines for get RSS Feed Directory service.

6. After two weeks, repeat step three. Why must wait two weeks? So, that natural steps in the search engines crawler and blog service providers.

Then, how many dofollow backlinks you will get?
Suppose you create 10 free blogs that have 10 articles, 3 backlinks and has been submitted to 20 RSS Feed Directory, then the dofollow backlinks you get are:
10 x 10 x 3 x 20 = 6.000 backlink

Yes, you will get 6.000 quality dofollow backlinks free and forever. With have 6.000 dofollow backlinks, then your blog will be considered important by search engines, thereby increasing in search engine result pages. Hopefully, the simple tips to get quality dofollow backlinks useful for us. If you have questions about how to get free quality dofollow backlinks and others SEO tips, please send via the comment form.

Know more detail with keyword density in seo techniques to be better in the search engines results pages

Keyword density is one factor used in the seo techniques. Keyword density is number of times your selected keyword display on a web page. With more and more sophisticated the search engine crawlers, so the ability to analyze a page has almost approached by humans. If keyword density is too often, certainly not going to make a comfortable guests so that search engines will consider as spam.

A few months ago, I found a blog with the keyword "jobs in usa" got first rank in the Google search engine. Because the keyword "jobs in the usa" compete with more than 310 million pages, of course made me curious and I visit those sites. Apparently, after I opened multiple pages on that blog, many strange things I encounter, that is using keywords over and over and not fair to write keywords that are associated with the keyword "jobs in usa".

After a month, I try to check again the keyword "jobs in usa" and I no longer see the blog on the main page of Google search results. Out of curiosity, I try to check the site:blog.name in the Google, and obviously I do not find that page and I can be sure that Google has deleted the site in their database and one factor is keyword density, because Google is banning spam. I am sure, that blog owner are certainly regret the incident.

Did the incident you've experienced?
In modern seo techniques, the use of keyword density is only deemed important by thesearch engines if the appropriate places. If we writing the keyword density in every rows, we will ge the incident as above because, the seacrh engine will mark as spam.

Then, how many of the most appropriate keyword density on a page?
Based on my experience and opinions from many SEO experts, the best ratio of keyword density is 3-5%. If less than 3%, it would be difficult to keywords index in the search engine, and if more than 5%, search engines will mark as spam. Once again, this measure is based on my experience and I know from many SEO experts. If you are interested, you can try yourself. I hope this article usefull for us. If you have any questions about keyword density, please ask via comment form.

Take advantage of search engine optimization free tools for your blog

After you applied the SEO techniques in various blogs or your websites, then to find out the results and improve the SEO techniques, then use tools to monitor SEO techniques have you applied. On the internet, there are many tools to monitoring SEO techniques, from free to paid.

No doubt, that with the free SEO tools that optimal is enough for us, if you're interested in trying to pay it right to you. Well, here I shared a free SEO tools that I usually use to controling my SEO techniques that have been applied in a variety of my blog. Please see properly.

1. Google Webmaster Tools
One of free SEO tools that I like are from Google that Google Webmaster Tools. I am convinced, almost all webmasters are already using this free SEO tools. No doubt, that the Google service is equivalent to a paid service I've ever used. Almost everything that is needed by webmasters can be tracked with this tool, like popular keyword, content analysis, file site maps, statistics, inbound link, crawl rate, image search, etc. I never missed going to the news about Google. Features that are always innovative and creative and, most importantly, using these tools, then within a short time my blog will be included in Google's database so they can get a good ranking on Google's results pages.

2. Google Trends
I use Google Trends because I want to know what the keywords are popular of Google users search. By using Google Trends, so I can get the overflow of visitors on my blog. As the name suggests, Google Trends are always changing every time. Google trends is also beneficial for us who are confused to find keywords that want presented on our blog.

3. SEO for FireFox
If your are FireFox browser users, take advantage of SEO plugin to monitor the blogs that you have implemented SEO. I am sure, you will be very happy with this free SEO tools for simple and very effective.

I think the 3 free SEO tools is enough for us, sometimes too many SEO tools to make your own confused and will run out of time just to monitor the SEO. And most importantly, the SEO techniques is dynamic and requires you to keep learning and trying yourself. Hopefully, SEO learning tips on that I present is useful for you. If there are less questions with free SEO tools, please ask in the comment form.

8 Tips on How to Start an SEO Campaign

Several small & mid size businesses contact us daily for SEO consultation and helping their websites or blog rank well on search engines. One common question we always hear is:

"Where and how do I start my SEO Campaign from?"
A couple of points to note before we start -

We are assuming that you already have the domain name because finding a good domain name would be a separate topic.

Here are some of the most important steps that you can yourself take care of before going to any SEO company to manage your search engine marketing campaign.

Find your targeted keywords
The first and most important step is to determine what are the most important keywords for which you want your website to appear on search engines? You know your business more than anyone else. You know your target audience. So find out 10 phrases which you think that your prospective customers will search for.
Set the title of your website pages right
After you have decided on your keywords, the next step is to set them up properly. The title of your web page is the very first thing that any search engine crawler will read and take as a factor to rank your website. Your homepage title should contain your targeted keyword. All the other pages of your website should have title related to the content of that respective page. For e.g., the title of the registration page should be “Registration”. Keep in mind that you are not promoting your “registration” page. The idea is to “set things right”.
Set up meta keywords and description
Though Google has said they do not read meta tags content we still advise to put your targeted keywords in meta name=”keywords”/ field and one line description of your website in meta name=”description”/ field in your header tags. Many other search engines will still read them and Google won’t give you negative marks for that.
Unique content for the home page
Your website’s homepage should have a unique content describing your business. This introductory text should have the phrases that are in the title of the page. Experts say that you should use your targeted keyword 2-3 times in every 200 words so as to not get caught up for keyword stuffing. If possible, put your local business address and phone number on home page & contact us page to get noticed on "local business results" on Google.
Business Blog
Google loves a blog and so do the other search engines. Having a business blog pays – and this is something you should always remember. Whatever business you have, you must write 1-2 posts every week about your business. The articles can be about an industry news, a website update, a new recruit in your company – anything that relates in some way or the other to your business.

We recommend using wordpress because they are easy to set up and the come up with various SEO Plugins that help in optimizing your blog for search engine rankings.
Install Web Analytics
Once your website is up, you would definitely want to monitor your traffic. Any analytics software will show you how many visitors come to your website daily, where are they coming from and which keywords do they use on search engines to get on to your website. These are the most important metrics.

We suggest using Google Analytics!
Monitor your website rankings
Of course you are just starting your campaign. You might not be in top 100 on Google but sooner or later if you do the right things at the right time, you will find yourself in top 10 for that elite group of your targeted keywords.

The KPMRS, offer this service for free. You can register your website with your targeted keywords and we will monitor your blog rankings on daily basis. You can be rest assure to get notified by email as soon as your rank has changed for Google, Yahoo or Bing. This will even help you track the work done by whichever SEO company you have chosen for your campaign.
Search Engine Submission
Setup business profiles on social media websites
Twitter, Facebook, Digg, Delicious are some of the buzz words today in social media industry. Setting up your business profile on these & similar websites are must for a starter. Maintaining & optimizing them is again a different topic of discussion about which we will soon post here.
We hope that you found this list a good starting point to help you set up your SEO Campaign. We also advise our clients to educate themselves by spending 30 minutes daily in reading latest news in the SEO world. You may not be professionals but you sure don’t want to appear dumb when you talk to a SEO Company. Official blogs of Google, Bing, & Yahoo are good starting point but there are hundreds of freelance bloggers that can provide really valuable information as well a few ones that we love

www.addme.com
www.dailyseoblog.com
www.seo-theory.com
www.seomoz.org
www.webmasterworld.com

Well, we have finished our part. Time for you now to add more points which you think would be useful for a beginner in the SEO world.

Tips for more effective promotion our blog in PPC Program

The answer to the above question is very relative. There are some people who gain success by installing the PPC but not a failure and did not get the expected results. Before you place an ad in the PPC program, it helps to learn the details of the system's PPC programs. General manager of PPC programs like Google Adwords, Bidvertiser, Gather Bloggers, Adsense etc. completed Camp sophisticated script that can detect whether or not valid clicks. So they are able to guarantee to us that the clicks that are original from the user. I myself never used Google Adwords to advertise 2 themed blog hosting and drinking water filters. In addition to earning expectations from product sales, I also include all Adsense code on my site. When asked the results, to be honest I was quite pleased when advertising on Google Adwords.

From experience I get, here are some tips blog or site promotion in PPC programs to more effectively and according to expectations:
Before you advertise, make a blog or website is good and interesting. This is the most important stage in PPC advertising. Because paid, do not carelessly promote your blog or sites that are not obvious purpose. Also make a blog or site with quick loading, the domain name easy to remember, and easily understandable language.
Determine your budget. Plan carefully the cost-per-click advertising. Analyze each of the 15% cost is out. This is very important, if the cost we have reached out 45% but results have not been there, better stop for a while. And refine our blog or website to make it more attractive to visitors. Also to see if there are changes in the number of visitors your blog or site after spending 45% cost-per-clicks.
Determine the target audience that will go. If you sell a product and serve only to Indonesia, the local PPC program is more effective than the PPC out.
Do not use excessive language, but make a simple language, easy to understand and reflect our blog. Excessive language can make everyone curious, so click on ads and your account quickly we can run out but not as expected.
Make strict filters. Do not let your ads appear on your blog or site that does not fit with your advertising, such as blogs that contain pornography, lack of quality blogs, where the ad was too vague, still new and the language or location that you do not expect.
Frequently asked and consulted with PPC program managers. PPC program managers are usually very fast pelayananya, because they want to satisfy customers. I never sent to Google Adwords criticism by E-mail and less than 3 hours they had returned my e-mail.
How about you? Are interested in advertising on PPC programs? Does advertising in PPC programs you think are effective means to boost visitors and increase sales? There is no harm in sharing our experiences and information in the comment form. Thank you.

Tips to keep of loyalty visitors blog

Everyone would want to have a busy celebrity blog visitors. If the big name artists have capital easily have new visitors and patrons are able to maintain loyalty, it rarely occurs to us that in fact just ordinary people. If you happen to our blog has a lot of visitors and loyal as the celebrity blogs, then our task is to maintain the loyalty of visitors. Blog artist will stay busy even
though he was indifferent to the visitors. But if we act indifferently, then sooner or later the visitor will simply disappear. Here are some tips to keep the loyalty of blog visitors:
Provide rapid response to criticism, suggestions and questions visitors. This is very important, because by providing a quick response, guests feel cared for. If visitors to criticize and give suggestions, if the goal to the good there is no harm in saying a heartfelt thanks and sincere suggestions and criticisms of it.
Visit back to your blog visitors to provide comments. Do not ever be indifferent to the visit and would not comment on the blog visitors. Many of the bloggers who have successfully forgotten to do this, so sooner or later be abandoned blog visitors. Visitors will be happy if we visit their blogs and comment so that visitors feel appreciated.
Do not give feedback or make a comment that upset or confused visitors. A good response is to every visitor, we provide direct feedback and never choose love.
Update blog. If the blog is already crowded so that visitors do not get bored regularly updated. Visitors will get bored within a month if we do not ever blog updates. In addition to maintaining the loyalty of visitors, to reproduce the article it is also good at SEO techniques since search engines will index our blog.
Provide a link back directly. Do not ever stingy to provide a link back to a very loyal visitors. Provide specific criteria for visitors to get back links from us. For example the number of comments, often reviewing our blog, the number of links from blogs, etc. to our blog.
Do not act arbitrarily - stared. The point is every time you edit a comment is always even removed, this will make visitors feel unappreciated. Remember that not all visitors know the procedures well commented. Instead you removed, you better edit (while providing information that the comment had to edit).
Creating a contest with prizes. Which contains the prize contest will make visitors happy, with the ability to customize your gift. Do not delay to give prizes to the winners as this will reduce our repusi. Of course we still remember the case of late delivery of the prize contest that ends kapanlagi negative campaign from many bloggers.
How happy when we have visitors who are loyal, so that we can make a benchmark of success create a blog. Of course our job is to maintain the loyalty of visitors to keep visiting our blog. After understanding my description above, it is useful to exchange experiences in the comments form. Thanks

Good comment one effective way of blog promotion

One of the many blog promotion tips, is to give comment. The comment could have on other people blogs, discussion forums, etc. with a list of our blog URL. It would be better if our name in accordance with the blog url, so that easily remembered by others. For example, my name is Agung, the blog url that I put too great. Indeed, if compared with the promotion in PPC
programs, post free ads or through the promotion of social bookmarking, how to promote by giving comments indirect effects we feel. Here are some tips for commenting on other people blogs or forums to make it more effective:
Before determining a comment, choose the blog or forum that has a common theme with your blog. Search engines will provide more value if there is a common theme.
When I first commented, provide a response in the form of praise, criticism or suggestions but not too much. Responded normally get a quick response from the owner of the blog or forum.
Select a blog or forum that do follow the search engine. This is important because if the blog or forum that no good will follow any of our comments will be ignored search engines. How to do a simple test whether blogs or forums that do follow or no follow, copy and paste our comments on the search engines. Do not forget to add the two quotes at the beginning and end of the comments that we paste on search engines. If a comment appears, means blogs or forums that do follow, but if it does not mean no follow.
Give comments in accordance with the subject. For example the subject of our hosting service also commented about hosting services. Prior to comment, we have to read it until the subject understood that we can give a good comment, courteous and quality.
Include the blog URL address in the appropriate places, such as signatures for forums or in the url box provided on the blog. Never insert url blog in comments column, this will be considered spam by the moderator or owner of the blog. So that our comments will be edited even be deleted.
Do not be too stingy comment. Good comment contains between 5 to 15 sentences. I often find that only comments of thanks, salam kenal, praise, etc. concise. If our goal as promote blog comments immediately leave the way a comment like that or better if you do not have to include the url blog. Visitors will judge our quality of writing, so the quality comments that contain between 5 to 15 lines will show our quality.
Diligently to comment any new posts. This indicates we are faithful visitors blog or forum. Do not be disappointed if the owner of the blog or forum has never come to our blog, because expectations get visitors not only from the owners of blogs and forums, but from other visitors and hope of the index of search engines.
Hopefully description blog promotion tips by commenting on other blogs or forums on the benefit to us all. Indeed, if we are quiet blog visitors requires hard work. What about your response? Do you ever feel the benefits to comment on blogs or forums? There is no harm in sharing our experiences in the comments form. Thank you.

Still important is the meta keywords for blogs?

As search engine technology is still new and simple system works just indexing meta keywords and description that exists between head tags. But many programmers are doing a lot of manipulation by providing meta keywords are not relevant to the content of the page a user is searching. With many of these manipulations make some search engines to do
move to leave the meta keywords. Biggest breakthrough made by Google and Altavista which began restricting meta keywords such as how many times keywords should be repeated, the relevance of the meta description, etc.. However, this method also did not escape from manipulation so slowly - the land is becoming obsolete meta keywords at all.

With the development designed crawlers to index the more sophisticated pages, the keywords meta story was not used. Several major search engines such as Google, Yahoo and MSN have a deep crawler capable of presenting the results of most visitors will approach. However, some search engines like Dog Pile Info Seek and still use meta keywords. Of course search engines still use meta keywords have a way to determine whether the meta-keywords in the page's relevance or not.

With a bit of my description of the meta keywords, can be concluded that the use of meta keywords is still needed to blog. However, use meta keywords that have relevance to the blog page. Do not add the meta keywords that appear in the page as this will be considered spam activities. Also no more than 3 times using the same meta keyword. One free tool to check the relevance of meta keywords is Submit Express. Hopefully meta keyword description of benefit to us all. Thanks.

When the right to apply SEO techniques to blog

In a blog promotion techniques, SEO technique plays a very important. Because by applying the proper SEO techniques so much hope to be able to bring potential visitors. Often I get questions related to SEO techniques. But of the many questions which we will discuss is when the best time to apply the technique of SEO (search engine optimization)? When the right
to apply SEO techniques is the possible beginning even before the web or blog is online. Perform preparation SEO techniques that mature before the site or blog online. It's affecting a lot of SEO techniques but the basic thing that SEO techniques I discuss this time is the selection of domain names and keywords that we are targeting.

Although this classic impressed, but the fundamental and the first thing to do search engine crawlers to index the searchable keywords that match users with a domain name. For example, if our domain is then no user www.teknikseo.com typing keyword "seo techniques", no wonder if the domain is shown at the top SERP (search engine result pages). Fair deal so that domain names are always vivid and prices always go up.

The main thing is quite decisive in SEO techniques other than domain name is the keyword. This is very important, although the pages of our blog or site is rich in benefits to users but is less useful for search engines if we do not have a page that the visitor searched keywords. A good keyword is between 10 to 20. Good keywords are keywords that most sought-after users, but have little competition. Use free tools such as Word Tracker, Keyword Country, etc. to get the right keywords.

Actually not too late to apply SEO techniques. However, with the initial preparation of mature then we make it easy to develop. Hopefully my review about the right time to apply SEO techniques to your blog or site can be useful.

My blog got a google page rank

After conducting various promotional blog, blog walking and a little touch of SEO techniques, so some of my blog increased PR (page rank). Since I check there was no increase in PR, then this 2009 new year in May, exactly on 10 yesterday I tried to check on the Google page rank of 4 blogs that Google Adsense. Of course this makes me less proud,
though I have not total on the blog because there are jobs and other businesses.

From 4 blogs, only one blog that boasts of my main blog from that used 2 be a page rank 4 page rank. And other blogs that there is no increase at all, the two page rank 1 and the one remaining page rank 3. While this blog a new 3-month-old about page rank is still 0. Indeed, the influence of adding the contents page is the main factor determining adequate increase in page rank. My main blog is now 20 months old I have put Adsense 9 months and at most result in my Adsense earnings. It is my main focus is the main blog, for a maximum of once a week there are 4 to 8 new articles. Total article until now has 127 articles. I do not care whether an article I wrote was interesting or not for visitors, but in fact, visitors can linger - long on the theme of my blog's health.

I also always get unique visitors through various search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Live, AltaVista, etc.. Also when I check the number of subscribers through feedburner, I was surprised when the number was 1685 when the new moon in January around 429 yesterday. Given these facts, it was natural when I check adsense earnings through AdSense for feeds average number of Ad Impressions - average 2000 a week. How about you? Does your blog have increased or even fall? One way to get on our blog page rank is diligently updating. If you do not have time each day, the longest updatelah once a month. Search engines love the content of blogs or sites that are always updated, so that will assume importance. And considered the importance of the top of your blog or site by search engine Google in this case is the increase in page rank.

Do not do illegal SEO techniques

With increasingly intense competition blog or site owner, then they are competing with a variety of ways to get the best position in search engines. Sometimes a lot of blog or site owner is doing a forbidden technique to do. Maybe at first there was no problem, but with strict correction of the editors of the owner of search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Microsoft,
All The Web can be a high position had been able to sag or even deleted and blacklisted in the database search engine. If this happens, of course what we have done so far will be nothing - nothing.

If we have a long-term goals, it is better to your blog or website promotion naturally and reasonably, and never do the forbidden SEO techniques. Some SEO techniques are strictly prohibited include:
Copy paste technique. This technique seems trivial, but considered it a pretty crucial by search engines. With more and more sophisticated the search engine crawler, the crawler was able to detect whether there is similarity with the existing articles in their database so far. With a specially designed logic, if the crawler is to find the equality content, the crawler will only consider the new page becomes unimportant, so it will be put in a low position or does not enter into the database at all.
Create keywords that are not in accordance with the contents of the page or too many. Do not ever make keywords that have nothing to do with the content of the page. Also check the keyword density. If too high (more than 20%) then the search engines will consider it as spam, a good keyword density is between 3% to 7%.
Domain cloaking. How a domain cloaking technique similar to automatic redirect. The way it works is that the perpetrators will make 1 main page that will redirect and do 2 pages a redirect goal. With a special program, the program can find out if that will access the pages are visitors via a browser or search engine spiders. If the visit is the browser will be redirected to a page readable by humans, but if a visit is the crawler or search engine spiders will be redirected to the page containing the keyword in the index easily by search engines.
To exchange a link on the forbidden site. Examples of banned sites include smelling sex, gambling, drugs, cigarettes, etc. SARA. Never insert a link your blog or site from your blog, website or forum is forbidden especially link to the forbidden sites.
Hiding the text. This technique is usually made the same text with the background so as not to be seen by the naked eye, or make the text in noscript tags.
If you do SEO techniques as above, leave immediately. Sooner or later it will be detected by search engines search. How to get good position on search engines can not be done instantly but it takes hard work and perseverance. Good description of SEO techniques that we must avoid the above can be useful for us, so our blog or site get a good position. Thank you.

Blog with a special theme more quickly indexed in search engines

Do you still like to create a public blog or a mixture? Indeed create a blog with the general theme is much easier, because there was no category restrictions. However, if you want your blog quickly indexed by search engines and quickly got a good page rank, make a blog with a special theme. From my own experience which was blogging almost 2 years, and has a total of 5 blogs
, including this (about 2 specific theme of health and other domains and the general theme 2), blogs with a special theme indexed faster and get a good page rank. It is the narrowness of the discussion to write the article makes most of us stopped in the middle of the road. This is how I feel how difficult it is to write medical articles. However, with the find reference information from various sources to make my passion for writing grew back.

My blog theme and now has a page rank 4 is a main confluence earning Google Adsense income. And blogs were only updated once a week with 4 to 8 new articles. Within the first 3 months has got page rank 1 and after 22 months of a page rank 4. In contrast to the 2 general blog until now aged 10 months old just got a page rank 1. This also happens on this blog until I write here is 3 months page rank is still 0. But my big hope someday this blog to be big.

In addition to the special theme issue, diligent updates also enormous influence on search engine index. The more often we update the search engines will often index the blog page rank us so fast ride. Good description of the problem in a blog theme could benefit us all. Thanks

Link exchange is still important to increase the page rank?

Lots of bloggers who advocated for a link exchange to increase traffic and page rank. The main factors that affect search engine results like Google, Yahoo, MSN, Live, etc. one of which is the page rank. Each search engine has specific algorithms and rules to determine page rank. It is with a link exchange can capture the other visitors and hope meningkatkat page
rank. However, with the growing complexity of Google's algorithms to determine page rank, link exchange is not too unexpected. Exchanging links can be effective if it has a similar theme, when the search engines visiting a blog or website and look for the good links out of or into the algorithms that search engines will find some common keywords. If there is inequality between the keywords that exchanging links, then search engines will consider it unimportant.

This is what makes what someone is willing to buy links on a blog that has a high page rank but because there is no common theme, there is no change in page rank is significant. If the search engine makes the content of pages or content as the "king", it also happens in determining page rank. Page rank will not be good if the content of this page is only useful for search engines and not useful to visitors. Once I pointed out, if you intend to do link exchanges or purchased links make sure that the content of this page your blog or website useful for visitors and find that share similar themes with your blog.

My conclusion from the above description is, rather than busy with looking for friends who are willing to exchange links, better enrich the content of your blog or website. Hopefully my description of the effective tukeran link to improve page rank can be beneficial for us all. Thank you.

See more of Google page rank and Alexa Ranking

Many bloggers make the Google page rank as a benchmark of success blog or site that they built. Google page rank to measure the popularity of a blog from 0 to 10. The higher the page rank value in determining the better SERP (search engine result page) on search engine Google. Until now when I check the Google page rank Google's own site only course that has page
rank 10. Other large sites such as Yahoo or just have Micosoft page rank 9. Determination of this page rank value can rise or fall also, because Google is doing updates every 3 months. Google page rank rank ranking based on the quality of a website or blog without regard to traffic, so blogs with high page rank value will surely be in high position SERP. One of the main factors of the most widely known of the webmasters in determining Google's page rank is the number of links into your blog or site. The more links the better in the eyes of Google page rank. However, with the growing complexity of the Google algorithm, it is not carelessly enter links recognized by Google. In addition to the incoming link, there are many other supporting factors that are not publicly disclosed - publicly by Google.

And what about the Alexa rank? If the Google page rank to rank 0 to 10, the value of Alexa ranking from 1 to millions or even hundreds of millions. The smaller the rank the better value in the eyes of Alexa. Another fundamental difference is more features Alexa traffic from the kualiatis blog. If the blog is always getting unique visitors, the better in the eyes of Alexa. Although in terms of determining value between Alexa ranking and Google page rank is slightly different, but generally things that make up the value of Alexa ranking and Google page rank has much in common.

If we want the total to bloggers, the value of page rank we must look right - right. Because the PPC is not a program that provides certain conditions, especially the value of Google page rank and Alexa ranking. Let us make our blogs get good grades so that the opportunity to make a blog as a source of money is growing. Hopefully some of this description can be useful for us all. Thank you.

Why are pages missing from the index blog search engine?

Not a blog or a site that used to be in the front position SERP (search engine result page) down to a low position or even go away because erased. I myself have experienced not only in Google but in Yahoo, Live and MSN. With the loss of our blog on the front page of the search is very harmful. Because of unique visitors mendaptkan hope will be lost. Each search engine
has their own policies that sometimes the policy could change rapidly. They always argued that this was to really - really customize the keywords to what a user is searching. So users will get what they want. Google has more than 200 algorithms to determine the highest position in their SERP. There are some who express them and most are still a mystery.

With the abolition of blogs on the highest position in the SERP as well as hope and challenge for us all. If we do not have a blog or site in the highest position it hopes to occupy high positions remain open. Or conversely, if the blogs we were in the highest position we have to work hard to maintain that is by improving the quality of the blog itself. One way to find out is to always view statistics on visitors such as how long they visited, what keywords they use, from where they are, how many pages they go to etc.. Lots of free tools that include Google Analytics. Seeing this phenomenon makes me more interested in seriously studying SEO techniques. Currently I have a site that was in the forefront in the Google SERP, with the number of visitors 700 to 1000. One advantage of the visitors coming from search engines is my Adsesnse business kliknya value is much higher than if it came from another site or typing the URL directly.

One big loss if the blog or removed from our site is search engine visitors who we hope will decrease. Once I find the source of our blog or website lost even deleted from the search engines are:
The number of users who hit back button or close it immediately. If this happens, then search engine will assume that what is sought by a user who typed keywords irrelevant. If the percentage of the user pressing the back button or close the very large blog pages more than 80% then the blog will be placed in a low position SERP.
When a very short visit even less than 1 minute. The relevance of the keyword is considered close to what the user searched if the time after finding that old blog. The longer visitors rating the better blogs on search engines.
Visitors are not doing any action. Actions include making a purchase, fill out the form, make comments, follow the mailing lists, download the page or image, etc.. The more action the user performed, the better and it is important blogs.
Only visit a page and do not visit the other pages.
No visit the blog at a later time. If the blog will attract the visitors to bookmark or visit at a later time by typing the URL directly.
Blogs that are not found, a lot of errors or missing. It could be because of change of address, hit hack, etc. are improved. If this happens then within a fast search engine will remove from their index.
Page blog that is never updated. Update blog page at least once a month.
These are some important factors that determine blog can survive in the highest position in the SERP. By considering the important factors above, then we will be able to maintain blogs on the highest position SERP. Hopefully some of this review can be useful for us all. Thank you.

7 Steps For Eradicate OjanBlank Virus

Local virus OjanBlank quite disturbing and potentially dangerous. This virus infiltrate from an external device that connects via USB port, like USB flash or portable hard drive.

When infecting a computer, this virus will do various things. These include monitoring whether the victim komoputer connected to the internet, turn off
Windows Firewall, and send the data from the victim's computer to the virus creator. Here are the steps as outlined by the analyst for delete antivirus from Vaksincom:

1. Disconnect the network connection / internet.

2. Turn off System Restore
* Right-click My Computer, select Properties.
* Select the System Restore tab, give the checklist option Turn off System restore
* Click Apply, click OK.

3. Turn off the virus (with Command Prompt).

* Click Menu [Start] à [All Programs] à [Accessories] à [Command Prompt]
• In Command Prompt, type the command "tasklist (this is to see the process of active virus that is" WinGUI.exe or junx.exe)
* Once the process determines the active virus, turn off the virus by running / type taskkill command as follows:
Taskill o / f / im WinGUI.exe, or
Taskill o / f / im junx.exe

4. Windows Registry Repair

Fix Windows Registry that has been in the modification of the virus with the following steps:
a. Copy the script below using notepad:

[Version]

Signature = "$ Chicago $"
Provider = Vaksincom Oyee
[DefaultInstall]
AddReg = UnhookRegKey
DelReg = del
[UnhookRegKey]
HKLM, Software \ CLASSES \ batfile \ shell \ open \ command ,,,"""% 1 ""% * "
HKLM, Software \ CLASSES \ comfile \ shell \ open \ command ,,,"""% 1 ""% * "
HKLM, Software \ CLASSES \ exefile \ shell \ open \ command ,,,"""% 1 ""% * "
HKLM, Software \ CLASSES \ piffile \ shell \ open \ command ,,,"""% 1 ""% * "
HKLM, Software \ CLASSES \ regfile \ shell \ open \ command,,, "regedit.exe"% 1 ""
HKLM, Software \ CLASSES \ scrfile \ shell \ open \ command ,,,"""% 1 ""% * "
HKLM, SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows NT \ CurrentVersion \ Winlogon, Shell, 0, "Explorer.exe"
HKLM, SYSTEM \ ControlSet001 \ Control \ SafeBoot, AlternateShell, 0, "cmd.exe"
HKLM, SYSTEM \ CurrentControlSet \ Control \ SafeBoot, AlternateShell, 0, "cmd.exe"
HKLM, SOFTWARE \ Classes \ exefile \ DefaultIcon ,,,""% a "%"
[Del]

HKLM, SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Run, Microsoft Word Agents
HKLM, SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Run, Microsoft Office Agents

b. Save the file with the name repair.inf. Use the Save As Type option to All Files to avoid mistakes.
c. Right-click the file repair.inf, then select Install
d. Restart the computer.

5. Remove the parent file and duplicate files created by virus OjanBLANK, where the file has the following characteristics:

* File Size 224 KB
* Extension exe
* Having a MS Word icon
* Type the application file.

6. Delete the trojan file and companion files virus, which is as follows:
* C: \ WINDOWS \ system32 \ MSWINSCK.OCX
* C: \ WINDOWS \ system32 \ ijl11.dll
* C: \ WINDOWS \ system32 \ ms.exe
* C: \ WINDOWS \ system32 \ b.doc

7. For optimal cleaning and prevent reinfection, which should use an updated antivirus and recognize this virus very well.

Unistall or Reinstall Windows Media Player in Windows 7

Sometimes Windows innate program are often troubled or do not function normally. This can make our computer performance is not optimal. These tips might you need if an innate program like Windows Media Player were damaged or not functioning as usual. The best overcome to that problem is reinstall. However, many do not know the steps. Here is the steps to reinstall
the program Windows Media Player in Windows 7.
Click Start menu and then Run. Type "appwiz.cpl" (without the quotes) and press Enter for opening Programs and Features window.
In Programs and Features window, click "Turn Windows Features on or off" it's on the left side of the window.
Featured Windows window will appear. Expand node "Media Features". Then remove the check mark or grass on the Windows Media Player option and click OK.
A dialog will appear stating that the disable windows media player then you also will disable Windows Media Center. Click OK in the dialog.
Next, a window that asks if you want to restart with your computer. Click the restart button to complete the uninstall process windows media player.
Restart process and deleting Windows Media Player program need longer time than the usually required by computer when restart. When the restart process is completed, Windows Media Player will disappear from your computer. Already completed the steps to uninstall (remove) Windows Media Player from your computer.

If you want reinstall Windows Media Player, you give check mark in steps number 3 and following the instructions. I hope the tips for unistall or reinstall Windows Media Player in windows 7 useful for us. If you have questions about unistall or reinstall Windows Media Player in windows 7, send via comment form.

Tips Always Run As Administrator in Windows 7

In Windows 7, there are some programs that must run with the user status as administrator or run as administrator. Therefore, in order the program run as administrator, you must right click on the executable program file and choose run as administrator. However, if this program very often do you use maybe the step above not effective. Then, how do so every
time the program always run as administrator?

In fact so a program can be run with administrator status do easily and simple. With a simple steps run as administrator will always be applied to the program. Interested to try? Follow these steps:
Right click on the executable file from a program that wants to always you run as Administrator and then select Properties.
In the window program properties click the Advanced tab.
In compability tab, give a check the option Run as administrator.
If you want to apply these settings run as administrator to all users who use the computer, click on the Change settings for all users button.
Click the OK button on both windows had to save the setting.
Everything has been completed. Now if you run the program, the program will always run with Administrator status. I hope the tips always run as administrator in Windows 7 useful for us. If you have any questions with the tips always run as administrator in Windows 7, I'll be help with comment form.